{"id":1835,"date":"2019-10-02T16:02:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-02T16:02:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/ighi\/?p=1835"},"modified":"2020-01-29T15:54:11","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T15:54:11","slug":"how-robots-in-space-could-lead-to-better-healthcare-on-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/ighi\/2019\/10\/02\/how-robots-in-space-could-lead-to-better-healthcare-on-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"How robots in space could lead to better healthcare on Earth"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"An<\/p>\n

Working in space comes with its fair share of challenges, to put it lightly. There\u2019s the lack of gravity, extreme temperatures, intense cosmic radiation, delays in communication, clunky space suits, to name just a few things that astronauts contend with.<\/p>\n

This complex environment means that tasks we would consider straightforward back on planet Earth, such as gripping and manipulating objects, are surprisingly difficult and time-consuming to accomplish. As humans continue to ramp-up their space exploration endeavours, attempting more daring feats and travelling deeper than ever before, scientists need to address these obstacles for future missions to be successful.<\/p>\n

One potential helping hand could come in the form of robots. While the likes of R2-D2 and C-3PO remain in the realms of science fiction, robots have been used successfully in space for some time \u2013 think the ISS\u2019s Canadarm<\/a>, and the rovers trundling across Mars. But through project FAIR-SPACE<\/a>, our researchers are hoping to improve the way that astronauts interact with them.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re working on human-robot interactions in space, specifically how astronauts can operate robots from a distance,\u201d says Dr Fani Deligianni, FAIR-SPACE researcher from IGHI\u2019s Hamlyn Centre. \u201cWe\u2019re aiming to enable more automation in space and to facilitate ways for people to be able to work with robots in a more collaborative way, and ultimately apply what we\u2019ve learned to healthcare back on Earth.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sensing human capabilities and intentions<\/h2>\n

FAIR-SPACE, or Future AI and Robotics for Space, is a collaborative hub led by the University of Surrey that\u2019s aiming to accelerate the development of artificial intelligence and robotics for space exploration. Deligianni and the Imperial College London research team are focussing on remotely, or tele-operated tasks in environments where it\u2019s difficult for astronauts to travel safely.<\/p>\n

Astronauts orbiting a distant planet from the safety of a station, for example, could control robots on the ground without having to land themselves. Robots could also make lighter work of much simpler operations like routine station maintenance, where the lack of dexterity offered by space suits, coupled with strength limitations due to deteriorating muscle mass from working in low gravity, create difficulties.<\/p>\n

To develop better systems for such situations, the FAIR-SPACE work is focused on using virtual\/augmented reality to run simulated tasks. In these simulations, the user operates a robotic arm \u2013 much like what happens, in reality, on the ISS. The researchers investigating a number of potential ways to improve performance. One of these is an emerging field called neuroergonomics, which studies the brain in relation to work.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat we\u2019re doing is monitoring the brain state of an operator to provide feedback that can hopefully enhance their performance, and also minimise performance differences between operators,\u201d Deligianni explains.<\/p>\n

\"An
An illustration of an astronaut wearing an augmented reality headset underneath his helmet.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

How this works is a number of wearable technologies are employed to take various measurements from an operator, which are then fed into an AI algorithm. These readings include brain activity through an EEG skull cap, and eye-tracking through smart glasses (i.e. a hololens headset).<\/p>\n

\u201cThe idea is that we integrate these measurements and use AI to determine the operator\u2019s awareness and mental workload, and when their performance deteriorates,\u201d says Deligianni. \u201cWe can then use the augmented reality feature of the hololens headset to provide direct feedback to the user as they\u2019re working. This will hopefully improve their attention and make them more aware of the task at hand.\u201d<\/p>\n

Stress, sweat, share<\/h2>\n

The brain isn\u2019t the only part of the body that the researchers are interested in. Dr Bruno Rosa and Panagiotis Kassanos are also developing flexible electronic sensors that can be worn on the body. These wearables would again monitor various different signals, including heart rate and a reaction to stress called galvanic skin response, where increased sweating changes the electrical characteristics of the skin.<\/p>\n

The idea is that this information would be pooled to determine an individual\u2019s stress levels, again with the ultimate aim of improving performance.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen people are under pressure it can improve their performance up to a point because it makes the task more interesting,\u201d says Deligianni. \u201cBut there\u2019s an upper limit, beyond which performance begins to suffer. We want to be able to detect where this peak is and respond, either by alerting the operator or their team so that they can intervene and share the load.\u201d<\/p>\n

Fellow teammates aren\u2019t the only option for divvying up tasks at critical times. This is again another opportunity for humans and robots to work together on a job, combining the strength and dexterity of robotics with the judgment and decision-making skills of a human.<\/p>\n

\u201cA major part of this work is shared autonomy \u2013 operating modes where the machine accomplishes part of the task, but the operator is in control to some degree,\u201d Deligianni explains. \u201cWe want to find the right balance between the two for the best performance in a task.\u201d<\/p>\n

Already the group is exploring varying degrees of autonomy in their virtual reality simulations, coupling performance measures like gripping accuracy with the physiological signals collected through the wearable devices. \u201cIf we can find differences in performance, then this could indicate ways to effectively modulate their workload,\u201d Deligianni says.
\n[youtube https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KPF4Qm5ToqQ]<\/p>\n

Watch this simulation, from Deligianni’s team, of an astronaut’s interaction with robotic systems at the ISS.<\/p>\n

From robots in space to the operating theatre<\/h2>\n

At the moment the work is specifically looking at interactions in space, but the research could also be applied to other extreme environments on Earth where it\u2019s dangerous for humans to be working. And while this research journey may seem an unconventional path for a Centre that\u2019s fabled for its work in medical robotics, the project actually has roots in the operating theatre back on Earth.<\/p>\n

Like astronauts, surgeons need to work on intricate and highly delicate procedures, under an enormous amount of stress. Space missions and surgery are also safety-critical and require specialist skills and lengthy training. Surgeons and astronauts also need to cope with incredibly high workloads, which is why Deligianni is collaborating with Hamlyn surgeon Mr Daniel Leff, who helped develop the \u201ccancer-sniffing\u201d iKnife<\/a>, to share learnings between these two different yet parallel environments.<\/p>\n

More than just rooted in medicine, Deligianni has aspirations that all of this work could have healthcare applications back on Earth. For example the group is working on a wearable electronic suit, or exoskeleton, that could not only facilitate task performance, but also tackle the issue of low gravity-induced muscle atrophy. \u201cThese exoskeletons could also help people who have musculoskeletal diseases or tremor,\u201d Deligianni says.<\/p>\n

\u201cMy hopes are that ultimately, we\u2019ll be able to actually see this research used in healthcare and in space soon.\u201d<\/p>\n

Dr Deligianni gives thanks to Daniel Freer, Rejin Varghese, Shamas Khan, Anh Nguyen, Stephanie Pau, Yao Guo, Bruno Gil Rosa, Panagiotis Kassanos, Fani Deligianni, Robert Merrifield, Guang-Zhong Yang, who have all contributed to this project.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Working in space comes with its fair share of challenges, to put it lightly. There\u2019s the lack of gravity, extreme temperatures, intense cosmic radiation, delays in communication, clunky space suits, to name just a few things that astronauts contend with. 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