{"id":438,"date":"2016-05-25T10:39:22","date_gmt":"2016-05-25T10:39:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imperialighi.wordpress.com\/?p=438"},"modified":"2019-03-29T10:54:33","modified_gmt":"2019-03-29T10:54:33","slug":"on-this-africa-day-we-need-to-talk-about-nutrition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/ighi\/2016\/05\/25\/on-this-africa-day-we-need-to-talk-about-nutrition\/","title":{"rendered":"On this Africa Day, we need to talk about nutrition"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By Alice Marks, <a href=\"http:\/\/ag4impact.org\/\">Agriculture for Impact<\/a>, Imperial College London <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/imperialighi.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/credit-ag4impact-women-farmers-in-mozambique.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-441\" src=\"https:\/\/imperialighi.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/credit-ag4impact-women-farmers-in-mozambique.jpg\" alt=\"Credit Ag4Impact - women farmers in mozambique\" \/><\/a>As we celebrate Africa Day 2016, it\u2019s time to reflect on the state of nutrition in Africa and the weighty effect malnutrition has on the continent\u2019s ability to prosper. Progress <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/millenniumgoals\/2015_MDG_Report\/pdf\/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf\">has been made<\/a> over the past decades, for example through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to reduce extreme hunger and starvation. However, it is the quality of food that people consume and a lack of variety that is of increasing concern. A few weeks ago, Roger Thurow, a Senior Fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, released a new book, <a href=\"http:\/\/digital.thechicagocouncil.org\/email\/first-1000-days\/about-the-book-161G-24472.html\"><em>The First 1,000 Days: A Crucial Time for Mothers and Children\u2014And the World<\/em><\/a>. The book lays out that nutrition, or lack thereof, in the first 1,000 days of life &#8211; from conception to the age of two &#8211; has a profound and lasting influence on a child\u2019s ability to grow, learn, develop and work.<\/p>\n<p>Stunting is a measurable impact of malnutrition, but the height of a child doesn\u2019t tell the full story. The development of the child\u2019s brain is also affected, so stunted children are more likely to fall behind in school, fail to achieve decent incomes, and perpetuate the cycle of poverty for the next generation. The cumulative effect of widespread malnutrition in a group of people can therefore directly impact, and limit, a society\u2019s ability to develop and prosper. Thurow\u2019s book highlights Uganda in particular, where half of women of childbearing age are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/topics\/anaemia\/en\/\">anaemic<\/a> and about 35% of children suffer stunting due to malnourishment. Indeed, a staggering 40% of all under-five deaths in Uganda are caused by malnutrition. Tragically, Uganda is not an isolated case in sub-Saharan Africa, where <a href=\"http:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/improving-child-nutrition-the-achievable-imperative-for-global-progress.html\">40% of all children<\/a> under the age of five are stunted.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Malnutrition: a gender issue<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/imperialighi.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/photo-credit-fintrac-inc-kenyan-families-feeding-children-nutritious-food.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-440 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/imperialighi.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/photo-credit-fintrac-inc-kenyan-families-feeding-children-nutritious-food.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit  Fintrac Inc - kenyan families feeding children nutritious food\" \/><\/a>Globally, 60% of malnourished people are female, yet women have a particularly important role to play in building a nutrition-driven food system. This is because of their central roles in agricultural production, as buyers or consumers, and often as primary caregivers for children. However, women may be limited in their ability to carry out these roles consistently or properly, because they are more vulnerable to shocks such <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/019\/i3617e\/i3617e.pdf\">food price volatility<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/feature\/climate_change\/downloads\/Women_and_Climate_Change_Factsheet.pdf\">climate change<\/a>, and <a href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gender\/other_health\/disasters\/en\/\">natural disasters<\/a> than their male counterparts. The reasons are complex, but in general boil down to a lack of access to resources.<\/p>\n<p>Lack of access to resources is a grave problem for female farmers. Women make up around 50% of the agricultural workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, and in some countries almost 60%, according to the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.asfg.org.uk\/framework-report\/gender-equity\">ASFG<\/a>. Despite this, gender-specific constraints, such as lack of access to inputs or land rights, result in them producing up to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/region\/afr\/publication\/levelling-the-field-improving-opportunities-for-women-farmers-in-africa\">25% less<\/a>\u00a0than their male counterparts. If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www-wds.worldbank.org\/external\/default\/WDSContentServer\/WDSP\/IB\/2014\/03\/14\/000333037_20140314131214\/Rendered\/PDF\/860390WP0WB0ON0osure0date0March0180.pdf\">20\u201330%<\/a>\u00a0and raise total agricultural output by 2.5\u20134%. This could reduce the number of hungry people in the world by\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ibtimes.co.uk\/world-food-day-2015-female-farmers-hold-key-food-security-ending-poverty-1524167\">100 \u2013 150 million people<\/a>, improving food security and potentially reducing malnutrition, because <a href=\"http:\/\/foodtank.com\/news\/2015\/06\/the-role-of-women-in-protecting-crop-diversity-in-the-andes\">women often grow a variety<\/a> of crops for household consumption.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Empowered and educated women will drive change<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/imperialighi.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/credit-ag4impact-roadside-market-vegetables.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-439 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/imperialighi.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/05\/credit-ag4impact-roadside-market-vegetables.jpg\" alt=\"Credit ag4impact - roadside market vegetables\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/ageconsearch.umn.edu\/bitstream\/94515\/2\/explaining%20child%20malnutrition%20in%20developing%20countries.pdf\">Studies show<\/a> that nearly half of the reduction in hunger that occurred in developing countries between 1970 and 1995 can be correlated with increases in women\u2019s education. Better educated women tend to make smarter choices to ensure nutrition, such as which varieties they should buy or grow for household consumption. Indeed, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24023681\">studies show<\/a> that when women are well-informed about the nutritional qualities of different varieties, they will select the most vitamin-rich and nutritious option if they can. Furthermore, biofortified crops such as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.harvestplus.org\/content\/rwanda-releases-iron-rich-beans-improve-public-health-millions\">HarvestPlus\u2019 high iron beans<\/a> in Rwanda and The Democratic Republic of Congo are shown to be effective in improving the nutrition of those who grow and eat them, demonstrating that interventions that facilitate access and information about nutritious food are effective.<\/p>\n<p>A recent report by the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement, <a href=\"http:\/\/scalingupnutrition.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/IN-PRACTICE-BRIEF-6-EMPOWERING-WOMEN-AND-GIRLS-TO-IMPROVE-NUTITION-BUILDING-A-SISTERHOOD-OF-SUCCESS.pdf\"><em>Empowering women and Girls to Improve Nutrition<\/em>,<\/a> highlights that when women\u2019s incomes rise they will invest more in their family through better education, health and nutrition, which can lead to long-term economic growth. The report includes some inspiring success stories, and makes a strong case that in order to eradicate malnutrition women\u2019s rights and empowerment must be at the forefront of progressive policies.<\/p>\n<p>If Africa is to escape the self-perpetuating cycle of poverty and malnutrition, African women need to be involved in the process. With policies that protect women\u2019s rights, ensure access to resources, guarantee good and equal education and, crucially, include them in decision-making at all levels, women can and will break the chain. If such policies can be implemented, Africa Days in the years to come will have ever more reason to celebrate.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Alice Marks, Agriculture for Impact, Imperial College London As we celebrate Africa Day 2016, it\u2019s time to reflect on the state of nutrition in Africa and the weighty effect malnutrition has on the continent\u2019s ability to prosper. Progress has been made over the past decades, for example through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1060,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14884,215635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-africa","category-nutrition"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>On this Africa Day, we need to talk about nutrition - Institute of Global Health Innovation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/ighi\/2016\/05\/25\/on-this-africa-day-we-need-to-talk-about-nutrition\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"On this Africa Day, we need to talk about nutrition - Institute of Global Health Innovation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Alice Marks, Agriculture for Impact, Imperial College London As we celebrate Africa Day 2016, it\u2019s time to reflect on the state of nutrition in Africa and the weighty effect malnutrition has on the continent\u2019s ability to prosper. 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