{"id":2389,"date":"2019-10-10T10:04:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-10T09:04:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/?p=2389"},"modified":"2019-10-10T11:02:12","modified_gmt":"2019-10-10T10:02:12","slug":"how-research-is-helping-to-understand-and-break-the-self-harm-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/2019\/10\/10\/how-research-is-helping-to-understand-and-break-the-self-harm-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"How research is helping to understand and break the self-harm cycle"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rachel Rodrigues sheds light on her research on understanding the brain mechanisms that motivate people to self-harm \u2013 can we untangle the circuits to break the cycle?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Many of us will know someone who has self-harmed or may even have personal experience of it. This isn\u2019t surprising considering how common it is, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood. Unfortunately though, only about 20% of young people receive help from clinical services<\/a> for their self-harm, and as much as 50% aren\u2019t receiving any help, even from people close to them, meaning that they are having to cope with it on their own.<\/p>\n

For some people self-harm could become more frequent and intense over time and coupled with it also being the strongest predictor of future suicide attempts, this lack of intervention for self-harm is concerning. The aim of my PhD research within Imperial\u2019s Mood Instability Research Group<\/a> is to find out why young people continue to self-harm. We hope to translate our findings to improve interventions for self-harm.<\/p>\n

Mood-altering effects<\/h2>\n

\"\"
Self-harm could help someone feel more in control of their emotions, but as if they are losing control of the behaviour at the same time. [Image credit: Rachel Rodrigues]<\/figcaption><\/figure>A common misconception is that people self-harm to be \u2018attention-seeking\u2019, but many people feel ashamed of their self-harm and don\u2019t want to talk about it. One of the main reasons people self-harm is because it helps them to escape from unbearable distress. After someone self-harms they might feel calmer and gain short-term but instant relief from emotions that they\u2019re finding difficult to tolerate such as intense anger, sadness, anxiety or feelings of being out of control. In addition to reducing these negative emotions it could also enhance positive emotions associated with reward or feeling good.\u00a0 As people initially feel better after self-harming, it reinforces the behaviour and increases the likelihood of someone doing it again.<\/p>\n

Addictive aspects of self-harm<\/h2>\n

People often describe self-harm as being addictive, feeling as if they lose control over the behaviour. Research<\/a> has also shown that self-harm shares many characteristics with addictive behaviours; such as experiencing an urge to self-harm (or craving), needing to up the frequency or intensity of self-harm to achieve the same effect, re-occurring levels of tension upon stopping self-harming, and continuing to self-harm despite knowing it\u2019s unhelpful in the long run.<\/p>\n

This is where my PhD research \u2013 the iMAGine study<\/a> comes in \u2013 which investigates whether an addiction framework might help to explain some of these characteristics. One aspect that we\u2019re looking at is whether repeated reinforcement of self-harm (through multiple self-harm episodes) leads to any psychological changes that could make the urge to self-harm stronger.<\/p>\n

What triggers the urge?<\/h2>\n

\"\"
The frequency of self-harm could be associated with how difficult it is to resist the urge. [Image credit: Rachel Rodrigues]<\/figcaption><\/figure>We\u2019re drawn to stimuli in our environment that have meaning to us, including anything we associate with feeling good. If, for example, you were feeling hungry and you walked past your favourite caf\u00e9 selling your favourite cake, you might automatically be drawn towards the caf\u00e9 and look in the window. We think a similar process could happen with self-harm. If someone was distressed an object they had previously used to self-harm with was on the bedside table next to them, their attention might be automatically oriented towards this object as they have learned to associate it with feeling better.<\/p>\n

Seeing these objects might then trigger the urge to self-harm. During this urge, people might experience mental images of self-harming or they might think about how much better they wouldfeel if they did it, just as seeing that cafe might lead someone to imagine how nice the cake would taste. As we often imagine doing things before we do them, this mental imagery could make someone more likely to act on the urge to self-harm. When this process happens, people don\u2019t tend to be aware of it. However, this could be a vicious cycle – because by acting on these urges it continues to reinforce the behaviour, possibly making these urges even stronger over time.<\/p>\n

In the iMAGine study we\u2019re using computer-based tasks and questionnaires to test whether this particular psychological process, and others, occur in self-harm and whether this could help to explain why many people find it difficult to stop despite all of the negative consequences they experience as a result of it.<\/p>\n

Towards more accessible interventions<\/h2>\n

Other research carried out within our group involves developing short-term therapeutic interventions for self-harm<\/a> that exploit the power of mental imagery, whereby people are trained to imagine other more rewarding outcomes that they might gain by resisting the urge to self-harm. This intervention is more accessible to young people as it can be easily delivered within the community and aided by the use of digital tools such as smartphone apps.<\/p>\n

We aim to use the findings from the iMAGine study to develop these interventions further. \u00a0Once we know more, we can target these interventions to help people overcome the psychological mechanisms that make the urge to self-harm stronger, supporting more people to break the self-harm cycle.<\/p>\n

The iMAGine study is looking for participants who are 16-25 years old with experience of self-harm within the past year, and\/or anxiety\/depression, or no previous or current mental health issues. If you\u2019d like to find out more or to sign up to participate please visit the iMAGine website.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Rachel Rodrigues is a second-year PhD student in the Mood Instability Research Group, Centre for Psychiatry. Rachel\u2019s PhD studentship is funded by the <\/strong>NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

All artwork by Rachel Rodrigues, you can see more on her Instagram page @rachelrodr.gues<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rachel Rodrigues sheds light on her research on understanding the brain mechanisms that motivate people to self-harm \u2013 can we untangle the circuits to break the cycle? Many of us will know someone who has self-harmed or may even have personal experience of it. This isn\u2019t surprising considering how common it is, particularly in adolescence […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1398,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[302804],"tags":[81449,625,296225],"class_list":["post-2389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-department-of-brain-sciences","tag-mental-health","tag-phd","tag-psychiatry"],"yoast_head":"\nHow research is helping to understand and break the self-harm cycle<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Rachel Rodrigues shares her research on understanding the mechanisms that motivate people to self-harm \u2013 can we untangle the circuits to break the cycle?\" 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