{"id":700,"date":"2017-12-13T09:06:04","date_gmt":"2017-12-13T09:06:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/?p=700"},"modified":"2019-07-29T15:37:12","modified_gmt":"2019-07-29T14:37:12","slug":"festive-feasting-the-good-the-bad-and-the-microbiome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/2017\/12\/13\/festive-feasting-the-good-the-bad-and-the-microbiome\/","title":{"rendered":"Festive feasting: the good, the bad and the microbiome"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1181\" height=\"660\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-706 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/files\/2017\/12\/feast.jpg\" alt=\"Microbiome\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I<strong>n this festive post, Dr Anjali Amin looks at how to keep our gut microbiome happy over this period of indulgence.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As the festive season approaches, one wonders how our bodies prepare for the enormity of food that will be ingested in a relatively short space of time.\u00a0 In the UK alone, the average person consumes 7000 calories on Christmas Day alone.\u00a0 This is three times the recommended calorie intake per day, and most of us will have reached the recommended calorie intake before Christmas lunch has even been served. And of course, it\u2019s not just about eating more. We are also a great deal more sedentary, with the average person in the UK spending 5.5 hours a day in front of the television over the Christmas period desperately awaiting reruns of Blackadder and yet another Christmas special!<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Of course, this massive increase in consumption over the festive period inevitably means we put on weight, with <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/NEJMc1602012#t=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research showing<\/a> maximum weight gain reached within 10 days of Christmas Day, peaking around 3 January, and then falling. \u00a0However, despite this relatively rapid increase in weight in the space of a few days, approximately half of the weight gained seems to remain until the summer months or beyond.\u00a0 The cumulative effects of this annual increase in weight during the holiday period likely contribute to one\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10727591\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">overall lifetime weight gain<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Obesity results from a mismatch between food intake and energy expenditure.\u00a0 So is this festive weight gain a result of eating too much and spending too much time on the sofa?\u00a0 What if it was more than just that? We now know that the gut is a crucial organ in the maintenance of energy homeostasis.\u00a0 It releases a whole host of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY that regulate appetite in response to nutrient intake.\u00a0 Much of my work has focused on looking at the effect of dietary protein on appetite.\u00a0 High protein diets reduce food intake and improve body composition, and if people can stick to them, they lose weight.<\/p>\n<p>How protein causes this effect is not well established, but it may be that amino acids \u2013 the products of protein digestion \u2013 are detected in the gut to increase the release of hormones that suppress appetite. If we can confidently identify the particular amino acids responsible for these effects, we could consider supplementing foods in order to reduce appetite.\u00a0 So maybe this is one option for Christmas dinner \u2013 instead of seasoning food, we should sprinkle it with amino acids and we\u2019ll all eat less? Alternatively, we could just focus on the protein \u2013 perhaps we need to make sure our plate is predominantly turkey based and ignore the trimmings?<\/p>\n<p>There are clearly other gut factors that are involved in the maintenance of body weight.\u00a0 The gut microbiome is a complex system consisting of microbes that live within our bodies, and play an important role in health and chronic conditions such as obesity.\u00a0 We know that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22972297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">composition of gut microbiota<\/a> differs according to whether you are lean or obese. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/2017\/07\/05\/weighing-up-dodgy-diets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Diet<\/a> is known to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota.\u00a0 The high-fat\/high-sugar diet, thought to represent a typical Western diet (particularly at Christmas), has been shown to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20368178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alter the gut microbiome<\/a> and such changes are thought to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/4441022a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contribute to the growing epidemic of obesity<\/a>.\u00a0 More recently even short-term dietary changes can significantly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12820\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">alter the gut microbiota<\/a>.\u00a0 So actually the short festive season may well be influencing the bacteria that live within you, and their effect on your health.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1181\" height=\"638\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-708\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/imperial-medicine\/files\/2017\/12\/sprouts.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>We also know that dietary fibre is good for health (make a note of piling on the Brussel sprouts, parsnips and chestnuts to your plate on Christmas Day). The gut microbiome plays an important role in fermenting fibre to form molecules called short-chain fatty acids which can stimulate the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/25500202\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">release of appetite-suppressing gut hormones<\/a>. There is currently much hype surrounding consumption of already fermented foods and their effect on gut health.\u00a0 Fermented foods include sauerkraut, kimchi, yoghurt, cheese, chutneys, even wine and beer (staple foods for many of us over the holiday season). Foreign microorganisms in products such as cheese and cured meats can survive transit through the gastrointestinal tract and may be metabolically active in the gut \u2013 though what they actually do there remains unclear.\u00a0 Utilising the power of positive thinking, I for one, am going to indulge in some forms of fermented foods over the festive period, of course in the hope that I might be positively influencing my gut microbiome.<\/p>\n<p>Christmas is clearly a time for festive food and indulgence, and the majority of us are likely to gain weight as a result.\u00a0 However, without our festive feasting, I\u2019m not sure there\u2019d be that much Christmas cheer.\u00a0 So perhaps the answer is to indulge ourselves over Christmas and to make a New Year\u2019s resolution to shed the extra pounds by exercising like crazy when we hit peak weight gain on 3 January!<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dr Anjali Amin (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/thekitchendoctorandmum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@thekitchendoctorandmum<\/a>) is an\u00a0MRC-funded Clinical Research Training Fellow based at Imperial\u2019s Department of Medicine.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this festive post, Dr Anjali Amin looks at how to keep our gut microbiome happy over this period of indulgence. As the festive season approaches, one wonders how our bodies prepare for the enormity of food that will be ingested in a relatively short space of time.\u00a0 In the UK alone, the average person [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1184,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[303115],"tags":[12018,246109,80228,272444,215635],"class_list":["post-700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-department-of-metabolism","tag-christmas","tag-diet","tag-endocrinology","tag-microbiome","tag-nutrition"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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