{"id":1027,"date":"2025-01-30T09:47:09","date_gmt":"2025-01-30T09:47:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/molecular-science-engineering\/?p=1027"},"modified":"2025-01-30T09:55:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-30T09:55:01","slug":"dna-the-engineering-biology-material","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.imperial.ac.uk\/molecular-science-engineering\/2025\/01\/30\/dna-the-engineering-biology-material\/","title":{"rendered":"DNA, the blueprint and concrete of biological engineers"},"content":{"rendered":"

What concrete is to civil engineers, DNA is to biological engineers<\/span>.<\/span> At first glance, DNA<\/span> might seem like any other material, a building block, like concrete. A material that, over time, <\/span>humans<\/span> learnt to <\/span>refine,<\/span> assemble, and optimize into products with specific<\/span> functions. This analogy, brought to us by our guest blogger, MRes student <\/span><\/span>Emile Durand<\/span><\/strong>,<\/span><\/span> captures the essence of biological engineering\u2019s approach. <\/span>But to <\/span>fully understand<\/span> the <\/span>potential of <\/span>this<\/span> topic,<\/span> we must first <\/span>learn<\/span> what <\/span>makes<\/span> DNA<\/span> different<\/span> f<\/span>rom <\/span>other<\/span> b<\/span>uilding blocks!<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"DNA
DNA model as building blocks. Image credit: Study.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/p>\n

Consider something as routine as cell division: every day<\/span> the cells in an average adult human divide <\/span>roughly 1<\/span> trillion times.<\/span> E<\/span>ach division is guided and coordinated by a <\/span><\/span>few <\/span><\/span>600 or so proteins<\/span>. These proteins<\/span> need to<\/span> adopt a slightly different structure<\/a><\/span> to achieve their unique function during cell division. How do these proteins <\/span>appear in the right shape<\/span> and<\/span> order, and at the right time a trillion times per day? DNA. <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

DNA is not only the concrete <\/span>required<\/span> to build a bridge, but also the blueprint that specifies assembly and design. <\/span>E<\/span>ngineering <\/span>DNA means<\/span>\u00a0being able to <\/span>read<\/span>,<\/span> modify<\/span>, fine-tune, and <\/span>perhaps even<\/span> invent new biological functions<\/span>!<\/span> <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"DNA
DNA macrostructure, from nucleotides to chromosomes. Image credit: Nursing Hero, Study Guides<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

How does synthetic biology look like in practice?<\/h2>\n
\"Human
Engineering biology to produce human insulin. Image credit: An interactive introduction to organismal and molecular biology, 2nd Ed, Chapter 24: Genetic Engineering.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

DNA engineering, also known as synthetic biology, began with a simple goal: turning cells into autonomous factories. In 1982, the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly produced insulin through an engineered E. coli strain, a microbe commonly found in the intestines. They achieved this by introducing the human insulin gene into the E. coli\u2019s own DNA, thus forcing the microbe\u2019s genetical machinery to produce insulin.<\/p>\n

This approach of combining DNA from <\/span>different sources<\/span> earned<\/span><\/span>\u00a0the<\/span><\/span><\/span> name <\/span><\/span>of<\/span><\/span><\/span> \u201crecombinant\u201d technology. It marked a turning point in the pharmaceutical industry\u2019s dependence on synthetic biology. T<\/span><\/span>he human recombinant insulin market<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>reached<\/span><\/span><\/span> 28.5 billion USD <\/span><\/a>in 2024, while the global recombinant DNA technology market was valued at <\/span>730 billion US<\/span>D in 2023<\/span><\/a><\/span>!<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In both academia and industry, the manufacture of proteins from<\/span> recombinant<\/span> cells raises a range of engineering considerations. \u201cHow can cells be genetically designed to maximize their secretion of products?\u201d \u201cHow can we operate reactors to optimize cellular productivity?\u201d\u00a0 \u201cHow can recovery processes maximize recovery yield without compromising product integrity?\u201d \u201cHow can a product\u2019s DNA be designed to facilitate its integration and production in<\/span><\/span> the\u00a0host?\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

<\/h2>\n

Applications<\/h2>\n

Nowadays, synthetic biology is expanding<\/span><\/span> into<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>new applications<\/span><\/span><\/span>. Recently, excitement within the field has shifted from making cell factories, to directly applying DNA-based technology to <\/span><\/span>improve<\/span><\/span><\/span> health conditions. The all-too familiar mRNA vaccines<\/a> are a perfect example of this. mRNA, DNA\u2019s chemical cousin, was engineered to be a biological USB-drive, with enough information to train our body\u2019s immune system against COVID-19. And, ever since the elucidation of CRISPR\u2019s groundbreaking ability to selectively <\/span>modify<\/span> DNA in living organisms, <\/span>the <\/span>scientific <\/span>body surrounding gene therapy has skyrocketed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

While this blog started highlighting the pharmaceutical applications of synthetic biology, the technology\u2019s versatility is reaching several other industries. Biofuels? DNA engineering almost single-handedly provided the fundamental cellular tools to convert diverse feedstocks into bio-based carburant. Sustainable materials? Prof. Koon-Yang-Lee<\/a>, along with Prof. Tom Ellis<\/a> at Imperial & Modern Synthesis<\/a>, are researching ways to engineer bacteria to sustainably produce leather<\/a>. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Its growing relevance in numerous sectors, coupled with novelty and untapped potential, makes this field one to watch out for. Stay tuned for a series of blogs featuring how engineering biology is helping researchers solve grand challenges!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What concrete is to civil engineers, DNA is to biological engineers. At first glance, DNA might seem like any other material, a building block, like concrete. A material that, over time, humans learnt to refine, assemble, and optimize into products with specific functions. 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