| Congenital |
Bochdalek Hernia |
— |
~90% of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias ; postero-lateral defect; predominantly left-sided; impairs fetal lung development (pulmonary hypoplasia) |
| Congenital |
Morgagni Hernia |
— |
Anterior defect; rarely detected antenatally; less severe respiratory impact in infants |
| Congenital |
Central Tendon Defect |
— |
Very rare; defect in the central tendon of the diaphragm |
| Acquired |
Traumatic |
— |
Blunt force (e.g. RTA) or penetrating injury (e.g. stab wound) causing diaphragmatic rupture |
| Acquired |
Hiatal Hernia |
Sliding (Type I) |
GOJ and stomach slide superiorly through the oesophageal hiatus; most common type |
| Acquired |
Hiatal Hernia |
Paraesophageal (Types II–IV) |
GOJ remains in situ; portion of stomach herniates alongside oesophagus; Types III/IV involve increasing gastric herniation |
| Acquired |
Iatrogenic |
— |
Post-surgical diaphragmatic defect, typically following thoracic or upper abdominal procedures (e.g. oesophagectomy, fundoplication) |