Tag: Cancer

Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer: Exploring the potential link

PhD Sophia D'AlessandroOctober is Breast Cancer Awareness Month. This is a crucial time to raise awareness about screening, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer. PhD student, Sophia D’Alessandro from the Department of Surgery and Cancer examines her research looking at the link between breastfeeding and the reduced risk of breast cancer in our latest blog.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world, alongside prostate, lung and colorectal cancer. It is estimated that there are more than 150 new cases diagnosed every day. But why does breast cancer occur? We know cancer is a multifactorial disease caused by a variety of different factors, which can include mutations in key cancer-causing genes, and lifestyle-related risk factors such as age, being overweight, smoking, family history of breast cancer and hormone therapies. However, there are also factors that can reduce a person’s risk of breast cancer risk, such as breastfeeding. 

Current research suggests that the risk of developing breast cancer decreases by 4% for every 12 months of breastfeeding. But it’s not yet clear why. The primary function of the human breast is to produce nutrient rich milk for babies. Therefore, the complex structure of the breast is designed for this function. It is comprised of fatty adipose tissue, surrounding lobules and ducts. The lobules produce milk, and the ducts transport it to the nipple, where it can be expelled and fed to a baby. In addition to this, the ducts of the breast are lined by a layer of specialised cells known as epithelial cells. It has been shown previously that breast milk may contain some of these breast epithelial cells, which are then digested in the babies’ stomach and cause them no harm. However, around 85% of breast cancer cases arise from the epithelium, so it is thought that the loss of mutated breast epithelial cells through breastfeeding may play a role in reducing breast cancer risk.  

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The power of CAR-T cell therapy

The CAR – T Apheresis team with Professor Anastasios Karadimitris

To mark Blood Cancer Awareness Month, Dr Lucy Cook, Consultant Haematologist at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer from the Department of Immunology and Inflammation, shares how CAR-T cell therapy is transforming blood cancer treatment for patients.

September is Blood Cancer Awareness month, a time dedicated to raising awareness of blood cancers, which often don’t receive the same recognition as other types of cancer types. According to the charity Blood Cancer UK, over half of British adults cannot name a single blood cancer symptom. With over 100 different types of blood cancer, patients often know the name of their specific diagnosis (such as leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, CML etc.) but may not realise that these are all forms of blood cancer. Collectively, blood cancers are the third most common group of cancers. Raising awareness among both the public and health care professionals is critical to improving early detection and diagnosis.

At Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, September gives us the opportunity to reflect on the progress made since last year’s Blood Cancer Awareness Month.  One of the most exciting aspects has been the delivery of CAR-T cell therapy for lymphomas (a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (a rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow). This year, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) also approved several new bispecific antibody therapies (BITEs) for lymphoma and myeloma (a type of cancer that develops from plasma cells in the bone marrow). BITEs are special proteins designed to help the immune system fight cancer. CAR-T and BITEs are a new wave of therapies, that harness the immune system to kill the cancer cells, rather than relying on conventional chemotherapy.  Following successful clinical trials, these therapies are now broadly approved for use in patients who have not responded to chemotherapy, offering potentially curative treatments for patients who previously faced poor prognoses. Clinical trials for CAR-T cell therapy are in progress for multiple myeloma, which is really exciting, offering hope for longer remissions for patients with a cancer subtype where no curative treatments currently exist.

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Enhancing quality of life for head and neck cancer patients

 

Grainne Brady

Did you know that each year, amost 13,000 people in the UK will be given the news that they have head and neck cancer? Unfortunately, these numbers continue to rise. To mark World Head and Neck Cancer Day, we hear from Grainne Brady, PhD Student at Imperial’s Department of Surgery and Cancer, NIHR Clinical Doctoral Research Fellow and Speech Language Therapist at the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust London. She shares her expertise on the link between head and neck cancer and changes to swallowing, communication and the potential impact on quality of life. 

Treatments for HNC include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy(1). Traditional risk factors for HNC include a history of tobacco and alcohol use (2). More recently, human papilloma virus (HPV) has been recognised as a risk factor for the development of oropharyngeal cancer which is a subtype of cancer affecting the back of the throat, tonsils, back of the tongue and soft palate (2). The discovery that a virus can cause this condition has led to the development of a UK-wide HPV vaccination programme available for both boys and girls aged 12-13 years (3). 

There have been huge advances in the treatment of HNC over the past two to – three decades. These include advanced radiation techniques like intensity-modulated radiation therapy and minimally invasive surgeries such as transoral robotic surgery, which are now standard of care techniques (4).   

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Shining a Light on Ovarian Cancer

Christina Fotopoulou

To mark Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month, Professor Christina Fotopoulou, Chair in Gynaecological Cancer Surgery and Professor of Gynaecological Cancer in the Department of Surgery and Cancer, and consultant gynaecological oncologist at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust—reflects on Imperial’s recent breakthroughs in the field. Delving into Imperial’s pioneering efforts to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of this complex disease, Christina also sheds light on some of the unique challenges faced. 

The time has come once again for Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month in the UK. This is our annual opportunity to shine a spotlight on ovarian cancer and increase awareness of a disease that has been a significant challenge for women for centuries (see fig. 1).  

Imperial and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust have made significant strides towards improving the diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer for many years, and there is even long-term hope of a cure in the future. Through pioneering systemic and surgical therapeutic strategies and conducting ground-breaking research, the Imperial clinicians and researchers  have established themselves as global leaders in the field of gynaecological cancer.  

For example, James Flanagan recently received half a million pounds from Cancer Research UK (CRUK) for his Early Diagnosis programme and Anke Nijhuis was awarded a £1 million Career Development Fellowship from CRUK to establish her own independent research within the Department of Surgery and Cancer. Additionally, the Parasol foundation has generously awarded over £1 million to support research into drug resistance, tumour heterogeneity, and more personalised, predictive imaging.  

The fight continues for better care, improved quality of life and increased survival rates for patients. 

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Navigating the debate on prostate cancer screening in the UK: Balancing risks, resources, and outcomes

In the rapidly evolving landscape of healthcare, few topics have garnered as much attention and controversy as prostate cancer screening in the UK. With approximately one in six men destined to face this diagnosis in their lifetime, the urgency to address this issue is undeniable. To provide clarity amidst this complexity, Rebecca Wright, Honorary GP Teaching Fellow at the School of Public Health, and Azeem Majeed, Professor of Primary Care and Public Health, and Head of the Department of Primary Care & Public Health, at Imperial College London, delve into the heart of this debate, seeking to balance the critical factors of risks, resources, and outcomes in prostate cancer screening in England. 

Prostate cancer screening in England has become very topical and attracted considerable recent news coverage. Around one in six men will get prostate cancer at some point in their lives with incidence increasing with age. Another major risk factor is ethnicity; black men are at highest risk of prostate cancer and Asian men are at lowest risk. Other risk factors include family history, obesity and genetics; for example, those with a fault in their BRCA 2 gene (genes that produce proteins that help repair damaged DNA) have a two times higher risk of developing prostate cancer. (1) 

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Navigating digital health: a guide to data and artificial intelligence in healthcare

Kelly Gleason introduces a guide, Navigating Digital Health, co-produced with 20 local diverse public partners (aged between 18-78, ethnicity: White, Black & Asian, 60% women and 40% men) to help the public navigate data and artificial intelligence and wider resources. Kelly is Imperial CRUK Lead Nurse and leads the Public Involvement for the CRUK Convergence Centre and the NIHR Imperial BRC Surgery and Cancer Theme. The guide and supporting resources are part-funded by the NIHR Imperial BRC.

What the public need to know about the guide:

  1. It’s made for the public by the public (with a large and diverse group of public contributors) and supported by experts in the field.
  2. This is a gentle introduction to data science and AI to allow anyone to begin to learn about this field.
  3. It can be used by patients or family members to understand more about these issues generally or to contribute to public involvement programmes in research.
  4. It can help people make informed decisions about accessing new technologies to support their health.
  5. The guide is supported by various forms of media, including the written word, podcasts and animated videos (see links at the end of this blog). (more…)

From bench to bedside and back again in mesothelioma

On Mesothelioma Awareness Day, Dr Anca Nastase provides an insight into mesothelioma and how research advances offer new hope for improved treatment.

Mesothelioma Awareness Day represents a great opportunity to gain more information about the disease biology, risk factors or symptoms from everyone in the mesothelioma community. Raising awareness is essential as it has the potential to improve prevention and early diagnosis and can translate into better outcomes and better survival for the patients.

My aim as a scientist within the National Centre for Mesothelioma Research (NCMR) is to deepen the molecular research in mesothelioma and to advance our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the onset and progression of this disease.

Although progress has been made in the field, further understanding of the pathophysiology is still desperately needed.

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that arises and develops in the thin layer that covers the human internal organs, called mesothelium.

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Why good cancer research must have the patient at the centre

Kelly Gleason, CRUK Lead Nurse, explores the value of patient and public involvement in cancer research and how it can improve the quality and outcomes of research.

Patient and public involvement (PPI) is increasingly recognised as important. Funding bodies are asking for more and more from researchers in regard to patient and public involvement. They want to see evidence of authentic and ongoing relationships between researchers and the public that is informing what is being researched, how it is being researched and how findings are shared with the public. Funders want to see more co-creation between researchers and the public and for this to happen, researchers require help accessing larger patient networks and support in maintaining relationships with patients.

My journey with PPI at Imperial

I became involved in patient and public involvement almost a decade ago – it was a relatively novel concept back then. The need for cancer researchers to access patients to involve in their research was increasing. The Imperial Cancer Research UK Centre, where I work as a Lead Nurse, established a group of patients and members of the public for Imperial researchers to have easy access to the patient voice. The group served as a resource to researchers and inputted on everything from grant proposals to lay summaries. They helped us create a research culture at Imperial where patients were integral to what and how we carried out cancer research. (more…)

Radiation and human health – separating scientific facts from urban myths

Professor Gerry Thomas
This festive period Three Wise Women from the Faculty of Medicine will be giving us the gift of wisdom.

Our first is Professor Gerry Thomas, a leading authority on the health impacts of radiation, who tells us why we should focus on the facts.

I was born in the 1960s and grew up believing that the word ‘radiation’ meant something that was infinitely dangerous. Back then, we were led to believe that nuclear weapons would lead to the extinction of our species, and that to be bitten by a radioactive spider would confer supernatural powers! I was therefore sceptical about the use of nuclear power. It wasn’t until 1992, when I started to study the health effects of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in 1986, that I began to question whether my understanding of the health effects of radiation came more from science fiction than scientific fact. (more…)

Why curing breast cancer isn’t a piece of cake

This Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Dr Luca Magnani unravels the complexity of cancer research, from recent advances in genomics to the power of patients in research. 

In today’s fast-paced world in which everything quickly rotates, spins loudly for your clicks and sights, deciding where to focus our attention is a decisive factor. When trends come and go at lightning pace, it is somewhat surprising that October is still Breast Cancer Awareness Month. I’m glad we can still manage to stop and reflect on what this means. Last year we discussed how Breast Cancer Awareness Month has evolved in the era of social media and marketing. This year I thought we could be more optimistic and discuss when October becomes ‘tea and crumpet’ appreciation month. (more…)